These industries are the most reliant on noncitizen workers

Data: U.S. Census Bureau; Chart: Axios VisualsThe U.S. construction, agriculture/mining and accommodation/food services industries have the greatest shares of foreign-born noncitizen workers, per census data.Why it matters: President Trump earlier this summer acknowledged that his massive immigration crackdown is "taking very good, long time workers away from" the farming and hotel industries, and promised changes.Yet there's still no major policy decision from the White House, which must balance economic realities with MAGA demands to deport as many people as possible.By the numbers: Foreign-born noncitizens — including those who are legal residents or have work visas — make up 8.3% of the country's civilian workforce age 16 and older, based on a 2019-2023 average of U.S. Census Bureau estimates.They account for 17.5% of construction workers; 17.1% of those in agriculture and mining; and 11% of those in accommodations, food service and recreation.Zoom in: Around 40% of crop farmworkers lack work authorization, per USDA estimates.The latest: Farmers "are getting frustrated with the delays" on a big White House plan for undocumented workers, Politico reports, while some farm workers say they're being "hunted like animals" in immigration raids, per The Guardian.The Trump administration has taken some smaller steps, such as the Labor Department's new "Office of Immigration Policy," meant to streamline some temporary worker visas.Yes, but: Some in Trump's MAGA base view any form of capitulation on immigration as a form of amnesty — and a broken promise to conduct mass deportations."MAGA is always on amnesty watch. It will not move forward no matter what name anyone tries to call it. They all have to go home," right-wing podcaster Jack Posobiec told Axios' Tal Axelrod.What they're saying: "This is not amnesty. It's not amnesty lite," a senior Trump administration official told Axios' Marc Caputo of the visa effort."No one who is illegally here is being given a pathway to citizenship or residency."The bottom line: Both undocumented workers and the industries relying on them are still largely in limbo.

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